Introduction

The attempt of Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) Church to follow God’s prophet with regards to educational reforms in the context of fulfilling the great commission to preach the gospel to the world is best exemplified by the pioneers’ experiences in the founding of Loma Linda University mostly known as the College of Medical Evangelist (CME) in its early years.

We will explore the journey of how our education reformers and pioneers navigated the tension between meeting worldly policies and meeting the Spirit of Prophecy counsels regarding an educational center at Loma Linda and a school for the training of gospel medical missionary evangelists and establishing a medical school of the highest order. 

We will limit our scope to this period, spanning over a decade from its incorporation in 1909 to the attainment of full recognition and approval of its medical school by the Council on Medical Education in 1922. 

This paper will discuss the background context of Loma Linda in the Kellog crisis. The prophetic guidance sets the vision of the school and there was great opening for God’s method of healing to be legally recognised two years after Loma linda property was purchased. It discussed what could have been if the  foundational vision was followed. Then ends with the aftermath of following the worldly standard.

I. Background Context

Immediately after the SDA church was officially formed, Ellen White (EGW) received a vision that healthy living is a religious duty. Two years later, she received another vision that the church should start their own medical facility. Less than a year later, in September 1866, the church opened their first medical institution in BattleCreek Michigan called - The Western Health Reform Institute  which was renamed in 1876, The Medical and Surgical Sanitarium of Battle Creek under the leadership of Dr. John Harvey Kellog. , 

In 1891, Battle Creek Sanitarium offered practical training in hydrotherapy, diet, and lifestyle medicine arranged for qualified students connected to the Battle Creek Sanitarium to complete their medical training at the University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This was the first step in the goal of operating a full-fledged medical school.

But Ellen White counseled against receiving the finishing touches of the physician’s training at Ann Arbor as its spiritual and philosophical influence was harmful to those preparing for missionary service. Another thing that Ellen white counseled Dr John Kellog against was the expansion of the institute into a grand hotel. She insisted on scaling down but Dr Kellog continued to borrow money to expand the work.,

The conviction that we should have a de­nominational medical school gained momentum and early in May, 1895, at a joint meeting of the Battle Creek Sanitarium and Medical Mis­sionary Boards, it was voted to organize a medical missionary college with a curriculum of study equal to that of the best medical schools in the country. In the same year, the American Medical Missionary College (AMMC) was granted an official charter from the Illinois legislature which meant it could legally operate a degree-granting medical school without going to Ann Arbor.

Up until 1908, SDA physicians were either trained at state schools or at the American Medical Missionary College (AMMC). The demand for physicians increased significantly as the number of sanitariums increased, coupled with multiple urgent calls from mission fields. 

II. The Kellogg Crisis and The Need for A New Medical College

The AMMC was originally created in 1895 to train medical missionaries, but by 1908, it was no longer officially connected to the Adventist Church. Ellen White had warned against attending the college because it had drifted from its original mission and no longer upheld the principles it was founded on. Kellogg wanted the school to seem open to all Christians without highlighting Adventist beliefs, but Ellen White said it was clearly built for the Adventist mission and should boldly represent that purpose, even while being kind and open to everyone. Kellogg's desire to make the institution interdenominational and his controversial pantheistic teachings led to a deep crisis and his eventual disfellowship in 1907.

This crisis and loss of control over the primary Adventist medical training center necessitated a high-priority need for a medical college that upheld denominational identity and values. With the original “blueprint” shattered, a new foundation was needed, one built firmly on divine direction through God’s prophet.

III. A College of Medical Evangelists in Loma Linda

A. Prophetic Vision

Several years before the Kellog’s crisis, God was already working on a plan to advance his work in southern California. In 1904, Paradise Valley Sanitarium was secured and in early 1905 the conference purchased the sanitarium at Glendale. He used pastor John Burden to help secure Paradise Valley, Glendale and the Loma Linda property despite conference resistance. In June 1905, Ellen White confirmed Loma Linda as the place she saw in vision. At this time, the church still owned the Battle Creek facilities; but knowing in advance that it would be lost to Kellog (or stolen by him), Ellen had been shown that Loma Linda would take its place. She said that God’s plan was that it would go beyond that which the Battle Creek Sanitarium and training Centre was accomplishing.

The school established at Loma Linda was initially known as the "Loma Linda College of Evangelists." In 1906, "the school was to be known as the Loma Linda College of Evangelists."

A. God’s Standard

Ellen G. White's counsel, as cited in the same Pacific Union Recorder article, was for this institution to be a place for "the training of gospel medical missionary evangelists." This term clearly indicates the dual nature of the workers envisioned: skilled in medical arts and dedicated to evangelism. The institution was chartered on the 9th of December 1909. At this point, its name became the "College of Medical Evangelists." The name itself became a declaration of the institution's unique identity and mission. It was like the "schools of the prophets," where the Bible was the main textbook and students learned practical skills alongside intellectual pursuits, preparing them for missionary service.  The aim was to prepare students for "the joy of service in this world and for the higher joy of wider service in the world to come." The Lord ordained Loma Linda becomes a school where gospel medical missionary evangelists are trained to preach the gospel to all the world.

“In this school many workers are to be qualified with the ability of physicians, to labor, not in professional lines as physicians, but as medical missionary evangelists.... The cause is in need of hundreds of workers who have received a practical and thorough education in medical lines, and who are also prepared to labor from house to house as teachers, Bible workers, and colporteurs.”

Ellen White was clear on what kind of school Loma Linda should be. 

• Practical education given to students.

• Less dependent upon worldly methods of education.

• Teaches the art of treating the sick without the use of poisonous drugs in harmony with the light God has given.

• Students should not sacrifice the principles of health reform.

• They are to be educated from the standpoint of conscience; and as they conscientiously and faithfully follow right methods in their treatment of the sick, these methods will come to be recognized as preferable to the methods of nursing to which many have become accustomed.

• Teachers and students lift up their voice like a trumpet and show ‘My people their transgressions and the house of Jacob their sins like wrong habits of diet and by the use of flesh meats.

On another communication, Ellen White shared the light given her,

• Provide all that is essential to qualify students and intelligently pass the required physician’s examinations, so that these youth need not be compelled to go to medical schools conducted by men not of our faith. 

• Provide students thorough understanding in the treatment of disease, so that no sensible physicians can question the credibility of our medical school.

• Continually the students who are graduated are to advance in knowledge, for practice makes perfect.

• The medical school is to be of the highest order, because the people have a living connection with the wisest of all physicians from whom there is communicated knowledge of a superior order. 

“If the recommendation goes forth from our people that our workers are to seek for success by acknowledging as essential the education which the world gives, we are virtually saying that the influence the world gives is superior to that which God gives. God will be dishonored by such a course. God has full knowledge of the faith and trust and confidence that His professed people have in His providence.”

• A school where the word of God will be regarded as essential and where obedience to its teachings will be taught. For the carrying forward of such a school, we must have carefully selected educators.

• Conducted on the principles of the ancient schools of the prophets. It may not be carried on in every respect as are the schools of the world, but it is to be especially adapted for those who desire to devote their lives, not to commercial pursuits, but to unselfish service for the Master.

• Let the education given be such as will qualify consecrated young men and young women to go forth in harmony with the great commission.

• there is to be no compromise in order to meet the world’s standards.

B. Divine Providence

In 1907,  two years after Loma Linda’s purchase, California revised its medical licensing laws to recognise alternative healing methods. Due to the pressure of the osteopaths to gain recognition, instead of only approving the osteopaths, the legislature then threw the gate wide open for any school and all students entering medical colleges were only required to have high school preparation and should pass State Board examinations in ten fundamental studies. This, following shortly after the open­ing of the college, Elder Burden considered a "divine providence." 

This opportunity reveals “what might have been”. If early Adventist pioneers had pursued legal recognition for natural remedies like herbs, hydrotherapy, and the eight laws of health, the only way of healing that heaven approves, God would have opened the way. Osteopaths, chiropractors, and even nurse practitioners fought for recognition and succeeded. They could have too. 

Recently, the US has embraced traditional Chinese medicine like Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine (AHM) as mainstream medicine. AHM uses acupuncture, dietary and lifestyle advice, herbal medicines, and other therapies to facilitate health and healing. The future of acupuncture looks wide open in California, they are now officially part of the recognized healthcare workforce.

Dr. Kellogg was already a widely recognized and highly influential figure when the AMMC was established in 1895, AMMC could have fought for the recognition and legal approval of its method of healing which was so successful in its sanitarium practice. 

C. An Important Plea

Burden’s important correspondence with Ruble in 1908 was related to the founding and development of the College of Medical Evangelists (CME) at Loma Linda, and involved discussions on medical education, licensing laws, and denominational support. In his letter to Dr Ruble, the secretary of the Medical Department of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, he stressed out the lesson they should learn from AMMC in its attempt to get accredited by the American Medical Association (AMA). He said, “we shall make the same mistake they did if we undertake to follow their example”. AMMC eventually closed down in 1910 due to increasing accreditation demands and lack of financial support. AMMC was launched under the cover of the regular schools and not under the banner of the healing art embodied in the third angel’s message.

John Burden envisioned a medical school built fully on the principles of the Spirit of Prophecy and sought to emphasize to Dr. Ruble the vital importance of remaining faithful to those inspired guidelines. His letter indicated that there were four different viewpoints as to what should be done at Loma Linda. In this letter Burden indicated how the church leaders can obtain legal recognition while adhering fully to the spirit of prophecy as manifested in the counsels of Ellen White, while the avenue is still open in California for any alternative methods of healing to be recognised. Summary of the four viewpoints below:

1. Advanced medical work in our school. The medical school should be of the highest order and provide a complete education, distinct from worldly institutions.

2. A medical school where all that is called for is what was already attempted in sanitarium nurses’ training school with more Bible instruction and field experience, and being capable of diagnosing common diseases and applying rational or hygienic treatments (practical training without degree).

3. More advanced training in theory and practice in the science of the healing art of the third angel’s message and secure state recognition to practice heaven-approved methods of healing (legal recognition in the God’s method of healing). 

4. Nothing short of a thoroughly qualified and fully accredited institution to compete with the medical colleges of the world (legal recognition according to the world standard).

Elder Burden got the true object of the spirit of prophecy principles for the work that needs to be done at Loma Linda, which was to fight the battle of gaining legal recognition according to the church’s method of treatment. His letter indicated it,

“While thousands are to be quickly qualified for thorough medical-evangelistic work, some must qualify to labor as physicians…make the school as strong as possible for the qualification of nurses and physicians; and the opening of a way for its recognition.”

“I believe the essential thing is the qualification of the worker to do the work, and that is what we are seeking to carry forward. If it is God’s will that some of these workers, when qualified, shall stand forth in the freedom of the law of the State to practice the healing art of the third angel’s message, God will certainly open the way.”

To the same effect of the second paragraph above, Percy Magan also said in 1915, “To my mind it would be one of the worst things in the world if Loma Linda should be able to get into the legal "A" grade and at the same time not be in the spiritual "A" grade”. This was true but missed Burden’s 3rd viewpoint in his letter to not chase accreditation according to AMA which Magan was chasing for full accreditation later on. 

It should be noted that the church controlled Loma Linda already this time in 1908. Ellen White had advised Burden not to hand over control of Loma Linda to the church at the time he did. Looking back, he recognized it as his greatest mistake. A. G. Daniells had taken charge, and within two years of writing to Ruble, Burden was gradually sidelined and ultimately reassigned to Paradise Valley in 1916.

IV. The Human Compromise 

Between 1912 and 1922, Adventist medical education gradually conformed to all the AMA’s requirements, giving the AMA control over training. The underlying goal was to favor treatments that generate profit—specifically, those that can be patented. Elder Burden understood that natural remedies were to be the “entering wedge” for sharing the Adventist message of obedience to God’s law through faith in Christ. Health reform and Sabbath truth were meant to work together. Sadly, between 1910 and 1922, church leaders hesitated and missed that key opportunity. While God had a plan for combining medical work with evangelism, Satan worked to separate the two—starting with Kellogg and continuing as medical training became more professionalized. Contrary to the original blueprint and Burden’s “third view,” only M.D.s were allowed to diagnose and treat, focusing mostly on drugs and surgery, with little training in natural remedies. God’s plan, however, was for a few to be trained in advanced natural treatments, while many others would address common health issues using simple natural methods. 

The General Conference session in 1909 failed to advance the medical college initiative. Still, Ellen White urged faithfulness to the divine plan, emphasizing that Loma Linda should be a center for training nurses and physicians. Although the conference later passed a resolution appearing to support mainstream education pathways, she advised Burden to proceed in harmony with earlier instruction. Consequently, the General Conference allowed Loma Linda to pursue a charter while disclaiming financial responsibility.

Burden proposed a “compromise plan” that included partial training at Loma Linda and completion in secular institutions, but Ellen White firmly rejected it. She insisted that Adventist students should receive complete medical training within their own institutions, distinct from worldly methods. The school was to emphasize moral and spiritual values rooted in Scripture, maintaining a clear line between sacred and secular instruction.

A. Adopting the Pattern of the World

Shortly after being incorporated, the accreditation process was started in 1909, Dr. N. P. Colwell of the American Medical Association inspected the school. Though skeptical of its financial backing, Burden explained the broad support from the Adventist membership. Colwell, recognizing its global mission, acknowledged that no other school offered such preparation. The AMA granted CME a provisional “C” rating, allowing it to operate but limiting its recognition. The “C” rating presented real challenges, as several state boards began excluding graduates of such schools. CME faced staffing shortages, financial strain, and inadequate clinical facilities. Union conference support was slow, and physicians were recruited at modest salaries based on their missionary spirit. Despite doubts stemming from past associations with Battle Creek, the school pressed on. In response to the need for clinical training, leaders proposed expanding to Los Angeles. Ellen White endorsed a two-campus model, and in 1913 the First Street Dispensary opened. However, CME’s attempt to join the wartime Student Army Training Corps (SATC) program threatened Adventist principles of non-combatancy. Just as the situation became critical, God intervened and the crisis was resolved when the 1918 Armistice was signed.

Following the war, CME was restructured in response to the critical 1921 Musgrave Report. Leadership adopted reforms to improve administration, budgeting, and campus integration. In November 1922, Dr. Colwell inspected the school again. Impressed by their persistence and spiritual vision, he granted CME an “A” rating. CME has now reached the highest standard. But whose standard one may ask, it was the worldly standard unfortunately. This milestone validated years of struggle and faith, but was it fulfilling God’s will and his prophet’s vision for a distinct, gospel-centered medical institution called College of Medical Evangelist? 

B. The Aftermath

The school was named the College of Medical Evangelists to reflect its divine purpose: to train evangelists specifically equipped to minister through medical work. The original vision was not merely to produce physicians with an interest in evangelism, but to develop medical evangelists, individuals whose primary mission was to combine healing and gospel outreach.

The two-year “Medical Evangelist” course began a year earlier than the full medical program, enrolling its first students in the fall of 1908. Sadly, It only continued for fifteen years, with the last intake in 1923. Over time, the training of AMA-accredited physicians became the primary focus of the College of Medical Evangelists, gradually overshadowing the original evangelistic course and vision for the school to train medical evangelists to preach the gospel to all the world.

And it did not stop there, from AMMC to Loma Linda, and in 1919, AMA required that only accredited premedics should be accepted for their school.  The new accreditation requirements had a ripple effect across Adventist colleges, pushing them to hire teachers with advanced degrees. Since these institutions couldn’t grant Ph.D.s themselves, students were forced to pursue higher education at secular universities. This shift gave external accrediting bodies influence over libraries and teacher training, exposing future church leaders to non-Adventist ideologies. As a result, these leaders risked adopting and spreading beliefs influenced by secular and non-Biblical thinking. In seeking legal recognition, Loma Linda and other Adventist schools became tied to worldly institutions that now defined and controlled their educational standards.

With great sadness, Magan, reflecting back to the early years, was well aware that history was repeating in his own time. He lamented only seeing so little fruit of their labors. The problem was visible as early as 1924 when only a few graduating physicians at Loma Linda wanted to go to foreign mission stations. Since then most of them preferred to open private practices in California.

Conclusion

The Lord Jesus sees all these when he said that the harvest is great but the labourers are few. Not only were there few physicians willing to serve as missionaries from CME, but also few were trained as medical evangelists patterned after Jesus' model of preaching the gospel. Jesus' method of work stands as the greatest example of medical evangelism. Loma Linda could have been the model school to produce evangelists symmetric in their approach to the gospel commission.

Ellen White was a source of guiding light to the steps of the pioneers through the light that God had given her throughout her lifetime and even after she died, the light still was ever faithful guiding the church’s health and education reformers. Yet, the blueprint of education still stands unfulfilled by God’s people. Today the counsel is true as ever,

“The medical missionary work is to the work of the church as the right arm to the body. The third angel's message goes forth proclaiming the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus. The medical missionary work is the gospel in practise. ” 

It seemed that the church had not learned the lesson from AMMC and John Kellog; he separated the work of health reform from the ministry of the word making it the all important work. It was nothing different to what happened to Loma Linda in its founding years, when the medical training was taken over by a worldly organisation stripping it away from the church. 

The result was the same, when our church leaders and pioneers followed the way of the world, our institutions became like the world. The church cannot fulfill its mission to preach the third angel’s message using the methods of the world. How important it is to be faithful to God’s promises in his word that He will be with us even to the end of the age, and be faithful to the counsels of God’s prophet.

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